What does each menu icon allow me to do?

Clicking on retrieves the login window.

retrieves the FAQ page like this one.
retrieves the search form page.
retrieves all topics containing new messages since your last mark or visit.
retrieves the user menu.
timestamps the topics or forums of the current page as read.
retrieves links to all registered user profiles.
retrieves the page where you can view individual user ratings and rate other users.